Direct and indirect speech + exercise
Direct speech (kalimat langsung )ialah kata-kata (kalimat) yang diucapkan langsung dari pembicaraan.
Kalimat-kalimat langsung (direct speech) dapat diceritakaan kembali dengan cara lain tanpa mengubah arti dan tidak lagi mengulangi pembicaraan , tetapi menceritakaan apa yang dikatakan oleh pembicara . kalimat yang demikian itu disebut indirect speech (kalimat tak langsung).
Contoh :
1. Amir said,” I am ill. “ (direct speech=DS)
Amir said that he was ill (indirect speech=IS)
(Amir berkata bahwa ia sakit )
Perhatikan bahwa tanda kutip tidak dipakai dalam kalimat tak langsung.
Sepanjang istilah ilmu bahasa , apa yang dikatakan seseoarang dapat berupa :
1. Pernyataan (statement)
2. Perintah / permintaan (impertaif/request)
3. Pertanyaan (question)
1. Indirect speech statement(pertanyaan)
Perhatikan ketentuan – ketentuan perubahan berikut ini :
1. Pernyataan langsung (direct speech) yang diubah menjadi pernyaataan tak langsung (indirect speech) tidak akan mengalami perubahan tense jika induk kalimatnya memakai bentuk :
- Present tense
- Present prefect tense
- Future tense
- present tense
Contoh :
(DS) ali says, ‘I am student.’
(IS) ali says that he is a student
- present prefect tense
contoh :
(DS) ina has said.’I havw taken a bath.’
(IS) ina has said she has taken a bath
- future tense
contoh :
(DS) she will tell me,’I am ready to come with you.’
(IS) she will tell me that she is ready to come with me.
2. Jika induk kalimat tak langsung (direct speech) dalam bentuk past tense , maka kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech) mengalami perubahan tense sebagai berikut:
KALIMAT LANGSUNG KALIMAT TAK LANGSUNG
- Present tense - past tense
- Present continues tense - past continous tense
- Present future tense - past future tense
- Present prefect tense - past prefect tense
- Present prefect continous tense - past perfect continous tense
- Past tense - past prefect tense
- Past continous tense - past prefect continous tense
- Pas future tense - past future perfect (conditoinal past perect)
- Future continous tense - conditional continous
Demikian juga dengan keterangan waktu dan tempat akan berubah sebagai berikut :
- Now = than
- Yesterday = the day before
- Last night = the night before
- Last week = the week before
- Last Sunday = the Sunday before
- Two days ago = two days before
- Five years ago = five years before
- Today = that day
- Here = there
- This=that
- These = those
- Can = could
- Will = would
- Shall = should
- May = might
2. Indirect imperative/requst(perintah/permintaan)
Beberapa ketentuan untuk mengungkapkan suatu perintah / permohonan dalam kalimat tak langsung .
1. Menggunakan verb (kata kerja)bentuk I (to infinitive)
2. Tambahkan kata please yang dipakai untuk mengatakan perintah/permintaan yang lebih sopan.
3. Menggunakan not + to infinitive untuk perintah (command)/ larangan
4. Kata ganti berubah dalam diri orang pertama dan orang kedua menjadi orang ketiga.
contoh : I menjadi he or she
5. Sebuah kalimat perintah yang tidak langsung dalam penyampaian akan dihantarkan oleh kata seperti : told,ordered atau commanded : sedangkan yg bersifat permintaan akan dihantarkan oleh kata : asked.
Misalnya :
· command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
· precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
· request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
· entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
· prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.
3. Indirect speech questions (pertanyaan)
A. Di awali dengan kata tanya : who,what,when,where,etc
1. Kata tanya tetap dipakai dalam pertanyaan tak langsung
2. Susunan pertanyaan tak langsung menggunakan susunan kalimat pertanyaan (statement), bukan dalam kalimat tanya.
3. Perubahan tense mengikuti ketentuan seperti biasa , lihat pada inderect speech statement.
Contoh :
Ratna said to annis ,’ what are you doing ?’(DS)
Ratna asked annis what she was doing(IS)
.
B. Pertanyaan tanpa menggunakan kata tanya:
1. Menggunakan if atau wheter dalam pertanyaan tidak langsung.
2. Susunan pertanyaan menggunakan susunan kalimat pertanyaan(statement).
Conoth : He said to me, “Are you going
away today?”
He asked me , “can you come along?”
Indirect
He asked me whether I was
going away that day.
He asked me if I could come along.
Adverbial Clauses + exercise
- I saw Joe when I went to the store. (explicit subject I)
- He sat quietly in order to appear polite. (implied subject he)
According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk, adverbial clauses function mainly as adjuncts ordisjuncts. In these functions they are like adverbial phrases, but due to their potentiality for greater explicitness, they are more often like prepositional phrases (Greenbaum and Quirk,1990): - We left after the speeches ended. (adverbial clause)
- We left after the end of the speeches. (adverbial prepositional phrase)
- I like to fly kites for fun.
Adverbial clauses modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. For example:
- Hardly had I reached the station when the train started to leave the platform.
kind of clause | common conjunctions | function | example |
time clauses | when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,till, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc. | These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event. | Her goldfish died when she was young. |
conditional clauses | if, unless, lest | These clauses are used to talk about a possible or counterfactual situation and its consequences. | If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards. |
purpose clauses | in order to, so that, in order that | These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action. | They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard. |
reason clauses | because, since, as, given | These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something. | I couldn't feel anger against him because I liked him too much. |
result clauses | so...that | These clauses are used to indicate the result of something. | My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey homethat the lid would not stay closed. |
concessive clauses | although, though, while | These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising. | I used to read a lotalthough I don't get much time for books now. |
place clauses | where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?") | These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something. | He said he was happywhere he was. |
clauses of manner | as, like, the way | These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done. | I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them. |
Pengertian, Jenis dan Contoh Adverbial Clause
A. Pengertian Adverb Clause
Adverb Clause terdiri dari dua kata yaitu “Adverb” and “Clause”
adverb adalah : kata keterangan yang menerangkan verb (kata kerja) dan adjective (kata sifat),
clause adalah : anak kalimat.
Jadi adverb clause adalah anak kalimat yang menerangkan kata sifat dan kata kerja dan berfungsi sebagai adverb.
Adverb clause adalah terdiri dari delapan macam: seperti: Adverb clause of time, Adverb clause of place, Adverb clause of number, Adverb clause of menner, adverb clause of reanson, adverb clause of result, adverb clause of condition, dan adverb clause of contrast.
B. Rumus umum dan contoh adverb clause.
Subject + predicet + conj + subject + predicet.
Tapi bisa saja conjuntion di awal sesuai dengan kalimatnya.
Contoh:
- I met her when + was walking to school.
- As he was sick, he went to she doctor.
- I can’t go out because my mother is sick.
C. Jenis-Jenis Adverb Clause
1. Adverb Clause of Reanson
Adalah : sebuah anak kalimat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan sebab atau alasan. Adverb clause of reason di awali dengan konjungsi (penghubungnya) adalah : as/ since/ because/ whereas/ on the ground that.
Example:
- Is I love you, I can do anything for you.
- Since she has a desire to marry, she discontinued her studing.
- I stopped the work because I was tired.
- Whereas I came late, My father punishet me.
- His teacher punishet him on the grand that, he came late.
2. Adverb Clause of Result
Adalah : sebuah anak kalimat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan hasil perbuatan atau akibat. Adverb clause of result di awali dengan konjungsi so that, so + adjective + that, so + adverb + that, so.
Example:
- Nadhavi was so beautiful that I loved her at first sight.
- He studies so hard that many studienst like him.
3. Adverb Clause of Condition
Adalah : sebuah anak kalimat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan kondisi. Adverb clause of condition di awali dengan konjungsi if/ unless/ whether/ provided that and so long as.
Example:
- If you help me, I shall be happy.
- Unless you tell her about your love, she won’t know it
- You must do this wheter, you like it or not
- I ean help you provide that you must follow my advice
- So long as you work hard, you have no problem with me
4. Adverb Clause of Contrast
Adverb Clause of Contrast adalah sebuah anak kalimat yang menerangkan bertentangan. Adverb Clause of Contrast diawali dengan konjungsi: although, eventh ough, though, whet eyer, no matter, however much, not with standing that.
Example:
a. I still no money although I worked hard
b. Eventhough hehates me, he lend me the bock
c. Though he is rice, he never give me the money
d. Whatever he has done, he is your father
e. No mather what she sald, I still love her
f. She will never succed however much he may try
g. He was not refreshed not with standing that he had spent 2 weeks leave
Exercise Adverb Clauses
1. __________ getting the highest result in the class, John still had problems with the teacher.
(A) Despite of
(B) In spite of
(C) Even though
(D) Nonetheless
2. _______ air is composed of about 78 percent nitrogen and only about 21 percent oxygen, is a little known fact on the streets.
A. How that
B. That
C. When
D. However
3. _______ he was seen to be an aggressive politician, he was a quiet and loving family man at home.
A. Although
B. Despite
C. In spite of
D. Nevertheless
4. _______ the variable drops by a unit of 1, the rank drops by X amount.
A. Why
B. Whenever
C. How
D. What
5. This method is widely used _______ algorithm is not only effective but also very simple.
A. because its
B. because
C. it is b
D. because of its
